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Science Bulletin，2025

Graphical abstract

Plants have developed a set of defense mechanisms against pathogen infection . Basal immunity provides broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) but weak resistance to various pathogens, while resistance (R) gene-mediated effector-triggered immunity (ETI) confers strong but race-specific resistance to limited pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key plant immune hormone, and its receptor, the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1), is a positive regulator of plant basal immunity . Although overexpression of NPR1 enhances immunity in various crops, these overexpression plants showed growth defects and yield losses , posing challenges for the application of NPR1 in crop improvement. R gene-mediated ETI is widely used in molecular breeding. For example, rice R genes Pi9, Piz-t, and Pigm are important breeding resources with BSR to many Magnaporthe oryzae isolates and have been incorporated in elite rice varieties. However, isolates in the paddy field are often a mixed population, and in this complex environment, R gene-mediated resistance often lacks durability and broad-spectrum efficacy. Therefore, how to coordinate the two immune systems becomes a bottleneck in improving crop resistance.

Science Bulletin，IF=21.1

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